SAIE TE pseudo ESA TM Packets

In this TN we describe the telemetry format of data produced with the SAIE test equipmen

An insight into the present capabilities of national metrology institutes for measuring sparkle

Large effect pigments, due to their strongly specular reflectance, produce a special visual texture known as sparkle. The use of these pigments in many industries (automotive, cosmetic, paper, architecture...) makes the control of this visual texture necessary. A measurement scale has to be developed, so that traceability can be provided by national metrology institutes (NMI) or designated institutes. Some of them (PTB, METAS, CMI and CSIC) have tested their existing capabilities to measure sparkle, and their results are presented. Two possible sources of systematic errors have been identified: inadequate illumination and collection full-angles, and inadequate size of the virtual aperture used to assess the luminous flux reflected on the effect pigments. The measurement scale of sparkle used in this comparison is thoroughly presented. This comparison will allow the methodology to measure sparkle to be improved.This article was written within the EMPIR 16NRM08 Project “Bidirectional reflectance definition” (BiRD). The EMPIR is jointly funded by the EMPIR participating countries within EURAMET and the European Union. The EMPIR is jointly funded by the EMPIR participating countries within EURAMET and the European Union. Part of the authors (Instituto de Óptica “Daza de Valdés”) are also grateful to Comunidad de Madrid for funding the project S2018/NMT-4326-SINFOTON2-C

Preliminary measurement scales for sparkle and graininess

Large effect pigments, widely used in various fields of industrial applications, produce characteristic visual textures known as sparkle and graininess, which need to be quantified by objective or subjective methods. The development of preliminary measurement scales for sparkle and graininess, whose recommendation is now under discussion in the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), is described in this article. These scales are absolute, linear and traceable to standards of optical radiation metrology. The main purpose of this article is to justify the convenience of adopting these preliminary measurements scales, showing clear evidence that they correlate well with subjective evaluations. Before standardization, these scales need to be validated with more experimental data, including different specimens and experimental systems from other research groups.This article was written within the EMPIR 16NRM08 Project “Bidirectional reflectance definitions” (BiRD). The EMPIR is jointly funded by the EMPIR participating countries within EURAMET and the European Union. Part of the authors (E. Perales and F.M. Martínez-Verdú) are also grateful to Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades for project RTI2018-096000-B-I00

Single photon sources for quantum radiometry: a brief review about the current state-of-the-art

Single-photon sources have a variety of applications. One of these is quantum radiometry, which is reported on in this paper in the form of an overview, specifically of the current state of the art in the application of deterministic single photon sources to the calibration of single photon detectors. To optimize single-photon sources for this purpose, extensive research is currently carried out at the European National Metrology Institutes (NMIs), in collaboration with partners from universities. Single-photon sources of different types are currently under investigation, including sources based on defect centres in (nano-)diamonds, on molecules and on semiconductor quantum dots. We will present, summarise, and compare the current results obtained at European NMIs for single-photon sources in terms of photon flux, single-photon purity, and spectral power distribution as well as the results of single-photon detector calibrations carried out with this type of light sources.DFG, 390837967, EXC 2123: QuantumFrontiers - Licht und Materie an der Quantengrenz

Determination of the responsivity of a predictable quantum efficient detector over a wide spectral range based on a 3D model of charge carrier recombination losses

Funding Information: This project (18SIB10 chipS.CALe) has received funding from the EMPIR programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. Authors of Aalto University acknowledge the support by the Academy of Finland Flagship Programme, Photonics Research and Innovation (PREIN), decision number: 320167. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 BIPM & IOP Publishing Ltd.We present a method to determine the internal quantum deficiency (IQD) of a predictable quantum efficient detector (PQED) based on measured photocurrent dependence on bias voltage and a 3D simulation model of charge carrier recombination losses. The simulation model of silicon photodiodes includes wafer doping concentration, fixed charge of SiO2 layer, bulk lifetime of charge carriers and surface recombination velocity as the fitted parameters. With only one set of physical photodiode defining parameters, the simulation shows excellent agreement with experimental data at power levels from 100 μW to 1000 μW with variation in illumination beam size. We could also predict the dependence of IQD on bias voltage at the wavelength of 476 nm using photodiode parameters determined independently at 647 nm wavelength. The fitted values of doping concentration and fixed charge extracted from the simulation model are in close agreement with the expected parameter values determined earlier. At bias voltages larger than 5 Vat the wavelength of 476 nm, the internal quantum efficiency of one of the tested PQEDs is measured to be 0.999 970 ± 0.000 027, where the relative expanded uncertainty of 0.000 027 is one of the lowest values ever achieved in spectral responsivity measurement of optical detectors.Peer reviewe

Characterization of a room temperature predictable quantum efficient detector for applications in radiometry and photometry

This paper presents the experimental characterization of predictable quantum efficient detectors, which have been designed for use at room temperature. The aim of the characterization was to validate modelled properties experimentally and, thus, the feasibility of such room temperature predictable quantum efficient detectors to be used as primary radiometric standards for applications in the fields of photometry and radiometry with an aimed uncertainty level of 0.01%. The characterizations were focused on linearity, thermal, angular, spectral and polarization dependencies of the detector that need to be known and considered in the respective applications. The results of the characterization measurements confirm the predictability of the detector, within the aimed 0.01% uncertainty level and, thus, the high potential for using that kind of devices as primary standards for applications in radiometry and photometry.Peer reviewe